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12V DC motors are electric motors that are powered by direct current (DC), such as from a battery or DC power supply. Their commutation can be brushed or brushless. Electric DC motors are suitable for equipment ranging from 12V DC systems in automobiles to conveyor motors, which require fine speed control for a range of speeds above and below the speed limit. Adjustable speed and constant or low-speed torque are required for the DC motors.

Brushed 12V DC motors

The brushed 12V DC motor is the original DC motor, dating back to Sprague's initial design. The traditional brushed motor features a commutator to reverse the current every half cycle and create single-direction torque. This type remains popular for electrical propulsion, cranes, paper machines, and steel rolling mills.

Brushless 12V DC motors

Brushless 12V DC motors differ from brushed ones, thanks to the development of solid-state electronics. The key difference between brushless DC motors and other varieties is that they do not have a commutator, which is replaced by an electronic servomechanism that can detect and adjust the angle of the rotor. They have several advantages. Commutators use soft contacts, which could wear down over time. Therefore, 12V brushless DC motors are more durable and also safer than the classical design.

Shunt 12V DC motor

A DC shunt motor has field windings connected in parallel with the armature. It has a lower current because of the parallel windings. A 12V DC shunt motor is used for applications that require a constant torque, where the load is not significantly altered by speed, such as conveyor belts, mixers, and hoists. The specific field windings provide unique 12V shunt motor characteristics that make it such an effective choice for constant torque applications. Many of them feature constant speed characteristics, with the small difference between no-load and full-load speed being the main benefit of this type of motor.

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